Collection Systems
Gravity Sewer Fundamentals
How pipe slope, velocity, and depth of flow keep solids moving instead of settling out.
Minimum Velocity & Self-Cleansing Slope
Pipes need at least 2 ft/sec at design flow to keep grit and solids from settling permanently.
Manning's Equation for Sewer Design
The standard formula relating pipe slope, roughness, and cross-section to flow capacity.
Pipe Materials in Collection Systems
PVC, ductile iron, and vitrified clay each carry different strengths and corrosion risks underground.
Sewer Easements & Access Rights
Legal access to a sewer line for maintenance depends on documented easements, not just proximity.
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